Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions
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Introduction to Bitwise XOR Pattern

XOR is a logical bitwise operator that returns 0 (false) if both bits are the same and returns 1 (true) otherwise. In other words, it only returns 1 if exactly one bit is set to 1 out of the two bits in comparison.

It is surprising to know the approaches that the XOR operator enables us to solve certain problems. For example, let’s take a look at the following problem:

Given an array of n-1 integers in the range from 1 to n, find the one number that is missing from the array.

Example:

Input: 1, 5, 2, 6, 4
Answer: 3

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