What are virtual functions in C++?

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Virtual functions in C++ are a fundamental aspect of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that enable runtime polymorphism. A virtual function is a member function in a base class that you can override in a derived class. When you call a virtual function on a base class pointer or reference, C++ determines which version of the function to execute based on the type of the object being referenced rather than the type of the pointer or reference. This mechanism is crucial for achieving dynamic binding and allows for more flexible and reusable code.

Key Features of Virtual Functions:

Declared with virtual Keyword: A function is declared as virtual in the base class using the virtual keyword. This indicates that it can be overridden in derived classes.
```
class Base {
public:
    virtual void show() {
        cout << "Base class show function called." << endl;
    }
};
```
Dynamic Binding: Virtual functions support dynamic (or late) binding, meaning the decision about which function to call is made at runtime based on the actual object type, not the type of the pointer/reference.

Overriding: Derived classes can provide their own implementation of the virtual function, which will be called when the function is invoked on a base class pointer or reference that points to a derived class object.

class Derived : public Base {
public:
    void show() override {  // 'override' is optional but improves clarity
        cout << "Derived class show function called." << endl;
    }
};

Base Class Pointer to Derived Class Object: When a base class pointer points to a derived class object and calls a virtual function, the derived class's version of the function is executed.

Base* b;              // Base class pointer
Derived d;           // Derived class object
b = &d;              // Pointing to derived class object
b->show();           // Calls Derived's show function

Example of Virtual Functions:

Here's a simple example to illustrate the concept of virtual functions:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base {
public:
    virtual void show() {  // Virtual function
        cout << "Base class show function called." << endl;
    }
};

class Derived : public Base {
public:
    void show() override {  // Overriding the base class function
        cout << "Derived class show function called." << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Base* b;             // Base class pointer
    Derived d;          // Derived class object
    b = &d;             // Pointing to derived class object

    b->show();          // Calls Derived's show() function

    return 0;
}

Output:

Derived class show function called.

Use Cases of Virtual Functions:

Polymorphism: Virtual functions enable polymorphism, allowing different classes to be treated as instances of the same class through a base class interface.
Flexibility: They allow for extending the functionality of base classes without modifying existing code.
Interface Implementation: Virtual functions are used to define interfaces in C++, allowing for a flexible design where derived classes implement specific behaviors.

Conclusion:

Virtual functions are a powerful feature in C++ that supports dynamic polymorphism and enhances the flexibility of the object-oriented design. They allow derived classes to override base class methods, enabling more dynamic and extensible software architecture.

Sources:

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